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␈↓␈↓↓␈↓α␈↓␈↓∧␈↓¬␈↓↓␈↓ ∧:Research Proposal Submitted By
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␈↓ ¬'Stanford University
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␈↓ ¬*Stanford, California
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␈↓ εEto
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␈↓ βKTHE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
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␈↓ ε=for
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␈↓ β+EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER
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Proposed starting date:  1 July 1975
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␈↓ αHTwo-Year period ending
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␈↓ αH30 June 1977
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␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εHAmount Requested (by fiscal year):
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␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH␈↓ λHFY 76  $138,831
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␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH␈↓ λHFY 77  $122,254
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␈↓_________________________________________
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John McCarthy - Co-Principal Investigator
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Professor of Computer Science
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___________________________________________
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Edwin B. Parker - Co-Principal Investigator
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Professor of Communication
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____________________________________
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Dan Drew - Co-Principal Investigator
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Professor of Communication
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____________________________________
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For the University
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file: news75.pro[cur,jmc]
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␈↓ ¬Y␈↓↓February 1975
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␈↓∧
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␈↓ ε$Abstract
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␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓␈↓ α_Economic,␈αenvironmental,␈αand␈α
technological␈α
forces␈α
are␈α
pushing␈α
toward␈α
the␈α
day␈α
when␈α
computer
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hterminals␈α⊃in␈α⊃the␈α⊃home␈α⊃will␈α⊃provide␈α⊃easy␈α⊃access␈α⊃to␈α⊃many␈α⊃information␈α⊃sources.␈α⊃A␈α⊃major␈α⊃impetus
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htoward␈αwidespread␈αuse␈αof␈αthe␈αhome␈αinformation␈αutility␈αis␈αlikely␈αto␈αbe␈αthe␈αdevelopment␈αof␈αelectronic
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspapers.␈α∃Before␈α∃the␈α∃electronic␈α∃newspaper␈α∃and␈α∃multi-use␈α∀home␈α∀terminals␈α∀become␈α∀a␈α∀reality,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hhowever,␈α∪research␈α∪will␈α∪be␈α∪needed␈α∪in␈α∪the␈α∪areas␈α∪of␈α∪man-machine␈α∩interaction,␈α∩file␈α∩handling␈α∩and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hretrieval␈α
techniques,␈α
computer-to-computer␈α
interfaces,␈α
and␈α
readership␈α
patterns.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_To␈αperform␈αthis␈αresearch,␈αsupport␈αis␈αrequested␈αover␈αa␈αtwo-year␈αperiod␈α
so␈α
that␈α
an␈α
experimental
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Helectronic␈αnewspaper␈αcan␈αbe␈αestablished,␈αmade␈αoperational,␈αand␈αevaluated.␈αThe␈αnewspaper␈αwould␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hoffered␈α∩as␈α∩a␈α∩campus␈α∩service␈α∩at␈α∩Stanford␈α∩University,␈α∩with␈α∩segments␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩student␈α∩and␈α∩faculty
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpopulations␈α
as␈α
its␈α
readership.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_We␈α∂see␈α∂the␈α∂eventual␈α∂conversion␈α∂of␈α∂newspapers␈α∂to␈α∂electronic␈α∂form␈α∞as␈α∞a␈α∞potential␈α∞solution␈α∞to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproblems␈αof␈αinformation␈αmonopoly.␈α
␈↓¬First␈↓,␈α
the␈α
cost␈α
of␈α
entry␈α
to␈α
the␈α
newspaper␈α
business␈α
will␈α
be␈α
reduced
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsince␈α∞the␈α
newspaper␈α
will␈α
not␈α
require␈α
a␈α
production␈α
or␈α
distribution␈α
organization␈α
and␈α
will␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlive␈αin␈αpublicly␈αavailable␈α
time-sharing␈α
systems.␈α
␈↓¬Second␈↓,␈α
if␈α
there␈α
is␈α
no␈α
production␈α
imposed␈α
limit␈α
to␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsize␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞newspaper,␈α∞it␈α∞will␈α∞be␈α∞easier␈α∞for␈α∞a␈α
newspaper␈α
to␈α
cater␈α
to␈α
the␈α
interests␈α
of␈α
special␈α
groups.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓¬Third␈↓,␈αsince␈αall␈α"letters␈αto␈αthe␈αeditor"␈αare␈αautomatically␈αand␈αinstantly␈αaccepted,␈αindividuals␈αor␈αgroups
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hconsidering␈αthemselves␈αunfairly␈αtreated␈αin␈αstories␈αwill␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αmake␈αtheir␈αreplies␈αavailable␈αwithin
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hminutes␈α⊂of␈α⊂noticing␈α⊂the␈α⊂alleged␈α∂unfairness.␈α∂Since␈α∂this␈α∂will␈α∂be␈α∂before␈α∂most␈α∂readers␈α∂have␈α∂read␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hindividual␈α
story,␈α
and␈α
since␈α
a␈α
reader␈α
will␈α
be␈α
able␈α
to␈α
ask␈α
"and␈α
what␈α
does␈α
the␈α
Governor␈α
have␈α
to␈α
say
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Habout␈α∪that"␈α∪immediately␈α∩after␈α∩reading␈α∩the␈α∩story,␈α∩the␈α∩danger␈α∩of␈α∩hit-and-run␈α∩journalism␈α∩will␈α∩be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreduced.␈α∞We␈α∞will␈α∞experiment␈α∞with␈α∞this␈α∞facility␈α
locally␈α
at␈α
Stanford,␈α
but␈α
the␈α
experiment␈α
will␈α
become
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrealistic␈αonly␈αwhen␈αthere␈αare␈αenough␈αterminals␈αso␈αthat␈αthe␈α
subjects␈α
of␈α
news␈α
stories␈α
find␈α
it␈α
worthwhile
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hto␈α
keep␈α
track␈α
of␈α
what␈α
is␈α
said␈α
about␈α
them␈α
and␈α
reply.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_In␈αthe␈αabove␈αrespects,␈α␈↓∧The␈αStanford␈αElectronic␈αTimes␈↓␈αdiffers␈αdecisively␈αfrom␈α
other␈α
experiments
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwith␈α∞new␈α∞ways␈α∞of␈α∞providing␈α∞information␈α
to␈α
the␈α
home.␈α
In␈α
these␈α
systems,␈α
the␈α
user␈α
is␈α
passive␈α
in␈α
two
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrespects.␈αFirst,␈αhis␈αcapacity␈αto␈αselect␈αinformation␈αis␈αlimited,␈αand␈αsecond,␈αhe␈αdoesn't␈αhave␈αan␈αeffective
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlow-overhead␈α
right␈α
to␈α
reply␈α
or␈α
originate␈α
information.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬↔␈↓¬BEHIND THIS PROPOSAL
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓␈↓ α_Experts␈α∃in␈α∃the␈α∃computer␈α∃science␈α∃and␈α∃communication␈α∃fields␈α∃envision␈α∃a␈α∀day␈α∀when␈α∀most
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HAmerican␈α_homes␈α_will␈α_have␈α_computer␈α_terminals␈α_providing␈α↔speedy␈α↔access␈α↔to␈α↔a␈α↔multitude␈α↔of
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈α
sources.␈α
Using␈αa␈αhome␈αinformation␈αterminal,␈αa␈αperson␈αcould␈αcall␈αup␈αbooks␈αor␈αreference
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfiles␈α
from␈α
the␈α
library,␈αreceive␈αinformation␈αabout␈αgoods␈αand␈αservices␈αavailable␈αin␈αthe␈αcommunity,␈αor
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hread␈α
stories␈α
produced␈α
by␈α
the␈α
local␈α
newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Benefits␈α∃of␈α∃such␈α∃a␈α∃system␈α∃would␈α∃be␈α∃tremendous.␈α∀Individuals␈α∀would␈α∀be␈α∀able␈α∀to␈α∀obtain
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈αmore␈αquickly␈αand␈αeasily␈αthan␈αever␈αbefore.␈αThey␈αwould␈αalso␈αhave␈αmore␈αcontrol␈αover␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈α⊃they␈α⊃received.␈α⊃The␈α⊃system␈α⊃would␈α⊃be␈α⊃receiver-oriented,␈α⊃not␈α⊃sender-oriented␈α⊃as␈α⊂is␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpresent␈αsystem.␈αA␈αreader,␈αfor␈αexample,␈αcould␈αbypass␈αnews␈αsummaries␈αprepared␈αby␈αnewspaper␈αeditors
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∪search␈α∪their␈α∪files␈α∪for␈α∪information␈α∪about␈α∪subjects␈α∪of␈α∪particular␈α∪interest.␈α∪Newspapers␈α∪could
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprovide␈α∂greater␈α∞quantities␈α∞of␈α∞more␈α∞varied␈α∞information␈α∞because␈α∞they␈α∞would␈α∞not␈α∞be␈α∞trapped␈α∞by␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hstrict␈α⊃space␈α⊃limitations␈α⊂presently␈α⊂imposed␈α⊂by␈α⊂economic␈α⊂constraints.␈α⊂Also,␈α⊂publishing␈α⊂opportunities
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α⊃expand␈α⊃because␈α⊃a␈α⊂large␈α⊂organization␈α⊂would␈α⊂not␈α⊂be␈α⊂necessary␈α⊂to␈α⊂produce␈α⊂a␈α⊂newspaper␈α⊂or
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmagazine.␈α∂The␈α∂environment␈α∞also␈α∞would␈α∞benefit:␈α∞Fuel␈α∞presently␈α∞used␈α∞to␈α∞deliver␈α∞newspapers,␈α∞books,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α
magazines␈α
would␈α
be␈α
conserved␈α
and␈α
trees␈α
now␈α
destined␈α
to␈α
become␈α
newsprint␈α
would␈α
be␈α
saved.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α∂major␈α∂impetus␈α∂toward␈α∂widespread␈α∂use␈α∂of␈α∂home␈α∂information␈α∂terminals␈α∞is␈α∞likely␈α∞to␈α∞be␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevelopment␈αof␈αelectronic␈αnewspapers.␈αPublishers␈αare␈αturning␈αto␈αcomputer␈αtechnology␈αin␈αan␈αeffort␈αto
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hincrease␈αthe␈αspeed␈αand␈αefficiency␈αof␈αtheir␈αproduction␈αdepartments.␈αIn␈αsome␈αoperations,␈αreporters␈αand
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Heditors␈α∞ply␈α∞their␈α∞craft␈α∞on␈α∞computer-operated␈α∞video␈α∞display␈α∞terminals.␈α
Optical␈α
character␈α
recognition
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hscanners␈αconvert␈αcopy␈αto␈αmachine␈αlanguage␈αfor␈αprocessing␈αin␈αa␈αphototypesetter.␈αNewspapers␈αare␈αalso
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Husing␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αfor␈αinformation␈αstorage␈αon␈αa␈α
limited␈α
scale.␈α
The␈α
␈↓∧New␈α
York␈α
Times␈α
␈↓␈α
has␈α
established
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Han␈α
information␈α
bank␈α
which␈α
is␈α
available␈α
to␈α
subscribers␈α
and␈α
which␈α
shows␈α
promise␈α
for␈α
future␈α
growth.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α
number␈α
of␈α
forces␈α
are␈α
being␈α
felt␈α
by␈α
the␈α
newspaper␈α
industry,␈α
however,␈αthat␈αmight␈αpush␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Huse␈α∞of␈α∞computer␈α∞technology␈α∞one␈α∞step␈α∞further␈α∞--␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞newspaper␈α∞reader's␈α∞living␈α
room.␈α
Foremost
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hamong␈α
these␈α
is␈α
a␈α
newsprint␈α
shortage␈α
that␈α
is␈α
expected␈αto␈αworsen.␈αThis␈αshortage␈α--␈αand␈αthe␈αprobable
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcost␈αincreases␈αassociated␈αwith␈αit␈α--␈αcould␈αmake␈αthe␈αvideo␈αterminal␈α
located␈α
in␈α
the␈α
subscriber's␈α
home␈α
an
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hattractive␈α
alternative␈α
to␈α
newsprint.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Despite␈αgains␈αin␈αproduction␈αefficiency␈αthrough␈αthe␈αuse␈αof␈αcomputer␈αtechnology,␈αthe␈αnewspaper
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdistribution␈α⊃system,␈α⊃for␈α⊃the␈α⊃most␈α⊃part,␈α⊃remains␈α⊃as␈α⊃it␈α⊃has␈α⊂for␈α⊂years.␈α⊂Men␈α⊂load␈α⊂bundles␈α⊂of␈α⊂bulky
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspapers␈α∂on␈α∂trucks␈α∂that␈α∂take␈α∂the␈α∂papers␈α∂to␈α∂newspaper␈α∂carriers,␈α∞who␈α∞in␈α∞turn,␈α∞deliver␈α∞it␈α∞to␈α∞your
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfront␈αdoor.␈αAn␈αelectronic␈αdistribution␈αsystem␈αwould␈αreduce␈αthe␈αtime␈αbetween␈αthe␈αlockup␈α
of␈α
the␈α
paper
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈αits␈αarrival␈αat␈αthe␈αhome.␈αIn␈αfact,␈α
lockup␈α
of␈α
the␈α
newspaper,␈α
in␈α
the␈α
current␈α
sense␈α
of␈α
the␈α
term␈α
will␈α
be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hunnecessary.␈α⊂Cable␈α⊂television,␈α⊂which␈α⊂is␈α⊂expected␈α∂to␈α∂cover␈α∂most␈α∂American␈α∂homes␈α∂in␈α∂the␈α∂next␈α∂two
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdecades,␈α⊃may␈α⊃be␈α⊃the␈α⊃eventual␈α⊃mode␈α⊂of␈α⊂transmission␈α⊂for␈α⊂the␈α⊂electronic␈α⊂newspaper,␈α⊂but␈α⊂telephone
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htransmission␈α
is␈α
also␈α
quite␈α
feasible.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Before␈αthe␈αelectronic␈αnewspaper␈αand␈αthe␈αmulti-use␈αhome␈αinformation␈αterminal␈αbecome␈αreality,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hhowever,␈α∂a␈α∂number␈α∂of␈α∂problems␈α∂will␈α∂need␈α∂thorough␈α∂research.␈α∂This␈α∂proposal␈α∂seeks␈α∂to␈α∂develop␈α∞an
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hexperimental␈α⊂electronic␈α⊂newspaper␈α⊂on␈α∂the␈α∂Stanford␈α∂University␈α∂campus␈α∂which␈α∂would␈α∂serve␈α∂as␈α∂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbasis␈α
for␈α
research␈α
in␈α
the␈α
following␈α
areas:
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_1.␈α␈↓∧Man-machine␈αinteraction.␈α␈↓An␈αelectronic␈αnewspaper␈αmust␈αbe␈αdesigned␈αso␈αthe␈α
casual␈α
user,␈α
who
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hknows␈α
little␈α
or␈α
nothing␈α
about␈α
a␈αcomputer,␈αcan␈αuse␈αit␈αeasily␈αwithout␈αreading␈αanything␈αlonger␈αthan␈αa
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hplacard␈α∞on␈α∞the␈α∞terminal.␈α∞The␈α∞"reader"␈α∞also␈α∞should␈α∞be␈α∞able␈α∞to␈α∞use␈α∞the␈α∞system␈α∞after␈α∞a␈α∞long␈α∞absence
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwithout␈α∩having␈α∩to␈α∩relearn␈α∩procedures.␈α∩This␈α∩requires␈α∩the␈α∩development␈α⊃of␈α⊃a␈α⊃uniform␈α⊃and␈α⊃easily
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hremembered␈α
style␈α
of␈α
interaction.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_These␈αsame␈αproblems␈α
apply␈α
to␈α
the␈α
communicator's␈α
use␈α
of␈α
the␈α
new␈α
technology.␈α
The␈α
system␈α
must
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α∂designed␈α∂so␈α∂reporters␈α∞and␈α∞editors␈α∞can␈α∞insert␈α∞and␈α∞update␈α∞information␈α∞in␈α∞a␈α∞way␈α∞that␈α∞would␈α∞not
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hhamper␈α
their␈α
journalistic␈α
functions.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_2.␈α∞␈↓∧File␈α∞handling␈α∞and␈α∞retrieval␈α∞techniques.␈α∞␈↓The␈α∞Associated␈α∞Press␈α∞A-wire␈α∞alone␈α
produces␈α
some
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H375,000␈αcharacters␈αper␈αday.␈αBecause␈αa␈αnewspaper␈αcollection␈αwould␈αbe␈αkept␈αover␈αlong␈αperiods␈αof␈αtime
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfrom␈α∞several␈α∞wire␈α∞services␈α∞and␈α∞its␈α
own␈α
local␈α
sources,␈α
news␈α
data␈α
indexing␈α
and␈α
handling␈α
techniques
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmust␈α
be␈α
developed␈α
to␈α
handle␈α
the␈α
tremendous␈α
volume␈α
of␈α
information.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_3.␈α␈↓∧Computer␈αinterface.␈α␈↓Because␈αof␈αthe␈αlarge␈αamounts␈αof␈αinformation␈αfrom␈αvarious␈αsources␈αthat
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αhave␈αto␈αbe␈αstored␈αon␈αcomputer,␈αit␈αis␈αnecessary␈αto␈α
develop␈α
ways␈α
of␈α
making␈α
disparate␈α
computers
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinterface␈αsmoothly␈αand␈αdivide␈αa␈αwork␈αload.␈αThe␈αlong␈αrange␈αgoal␈αof␈αmaking␈α
all␈α
of␈α
the␈α
information␈α
in
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
country␈αaccessible␈αfrom␈αany␈αone␈αlocation␈αis␈αnot␈αbeing␈αsolved␈αby␈αcreating␈αa␈αnational␈αinformation
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hsystem.␈α
Instead,␈α
many␈α
information␈α
systems␈α
with␈α
limited␈α
goals␈α
are␈α
being␈αdeveloped␈αand␈αwill␈αneed␈αto
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α
interlinked.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_4.␈α⊂␈↓∧Reader␈α⊂Feedback.␈α⊂␈↓With␈α⊂an␈α⊂electronic␈α⊂newspaper,␈α⊂it␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂possible␈α∂to␈α∂monitor␈α∂reader
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hchoices␈α
electronically␈α
and␈α
provide␈α
editors␈α
with␈α
this␈α
information.␈α
Readers␈α
also␈α
would␈α
be␈αable␈αto␈αuse
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Htheir␈αterminals␈αto␈αrespond␈αto␈αthe␈αnewspaper␈αvia␈αa␈α"letter␈αto␈αthe␈αeditors"␈αsystem.␈αA␈αserious␈αconcern␈αof
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcommunication␈α
researchers␈α
is␈α
the␈α
effect␈α
of␈α
this␈α
feedback␈α
on␈α
the␈α
attitudes␈α
and␈α
behavior␈α
of␈α
journalists.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_5.␈α∂␈↓∧Readership␈α∂Patterns.␈α∂␈↓Newspaper␈α∂readers␈α∂would␈α∂gain␈α∂more␈α∂control␈α∂over␈α∞information␈α∞they
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreceived␈α
with␈α
the␈α
electronic␈α
distribution␈αsystem.␈αAs␈αmentioned␈αabove,␈αthey␈αwould␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αbypass
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Heditorial␈α
decisions␈α
and␈α
search␈α
for␈α
information␈α
of␈αparticular␈αinterest.␈αHow␈αthis␈αcapability␈αaffects␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreader's␈α
behavior␈α
and␈α
attitudes␈α
is␈α
still␈α
another␈α
matter␈α
of␈α
interest.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_6.␈α∪␈↓∧Reader-interest␈α∪Profiles.␈α∪␈↓A␈α∩selective␈α∩dissemination-of-information␈α∩type␈α∩system␈α∩would␈α∩be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeveloped␈α⊃through␈α⊃which␈α⊃readers␈α⊃could␈α⊂describe␈α⊂their␈α⊂personal␈α⊂interests␈α⊂and␈α⊂request␈α⊂the␈α⊂system
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hautomatically␈α⊃to␈α⊃find␈α⊃stories␈α⊃conforming␈α⊃to␈α⊃these␈α⊃interests.␈α⊃The␈α⊃goal␈α⊃would␈α⊂be␈α⊂to␈α⊂maximize␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hefficiency␈α
and␈α
the␈α
flexibility␈α
of␈α
the␈α
system␈α
for␈α
the␈α
reader.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈αStanford␈αUniversity␈αCampus␈αprovides␈α
an␈α
ideal␈α
setting␈α
for␈α
conducting␈α
such␈α
a␈α
project.␈α
The
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αand␈αCommunication␈αDepartment␈αhave␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αexpertise␈αand
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hresearch␈α
skills␈α
necessary␈α
for␈α
daily␈α
operation␈α
of␈α
the␈α
newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Most␈αof␈αthe␈αnecessary␈αhardware␈αand␈αsoftware␈αto␈αsupport␈αthe␈αelectronic␈αnewspaper␈αare␈αalready
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Havailable.␈αThe␈αStanford␈αArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory␈αhas␈αa␈αtime-sharing␈αsystem␈αwith␈αa␈αPDP-10
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputer,␈α∂while␈α∂the␈α∂Stanford␈α∂Center␈α∂for␈α∞Information␈α∞Processing␈α∞operates␈α∞an␈α∞IBM360/67;␈α∞the␈α∞/67,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈αserves␈αthe␈α
main␈α
campus,␈α
supports␈α
an␈α
estimated␈α
150␈α
electric␈α
typewriter␈α
and␈α
CRT␈α
terminals␈α
at␈α
a
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hvariety␈α
of␈αlocations.␈αA␈αmaximum␈αof␈α126␈αof␈αthese␈αcan␈αbe␈αon-line␈αat␈αany␈αgiven␈αtime.␈αIn␈αaddition,␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HArtificial␈αIntelligence␈αLaboratory,␈αwith␈α70␈αterminals␈αand␈αlocated␈αapproximately␈αthree␈αmiles␈αfrom␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmain␈α⊂campus,␈α⊂currently␈α⊂operates␈α⊂a␈α⊂system␈α⊂which␈α⊂provides␈α⊂for␈α⊂automatic␈α∂input␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂Associated
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HPress␈α∂A-wire␈α∂and␈α∂the␈α∞␈↓∧New␈α∞York␈α∞Times␈↓␈α∞News␈α∞Service␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞PDP-10.␈α∞Users␈α∞can␈α∞have␈α∞displayed
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hstories␈αabout␈αany␈αtopic␈αin␈αwhich␈αthey␈αare␈αinterested.␈αPersons␈αusing␈αone␈αof␈αthe␈αterminals␈αmay␈αrequest
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthat␈αthe␈αcomputer␈αinterrupt␈αtheir␈αwork␈αwhen␈αbulletins␈αor␈αnew␈αinformation␈αabout␈αa␈αtopic␈αcome␈αover
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
wire.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈αproduction␈αand␈αdistribution␈αof␈αlocal␈αnews␈αand␈αinformation␈αwould␈αbe␈αhandled␈αwithin␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcontext␈α
of␈α
SPIRES␈α
II,␈α
an␈α
information␈α
retrieval␈α
system.␈α
SPIRES␈α
was␈α
developed␈αby␈αthe␈αInstitute␈αfor
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HCommunication␈α∪Research␈α∪under␈α∪a␈α∩grant␈α∩from␈α∩the␈α∩National␈α∩Science␈α∩Foundation.␈α∩The␈α∩Stanford
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HCenter␈α∂for␈α∂Information␈α∂Processing␈α∂(SCIP)␈α∂now␈α∂operates␈α∂SPIRES␈α∂II␈α∂which␈α∂became␈α∞operational␈α∞in
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H1972.␈α
With␈α
SPIRES␈α
II,␈α
a␈αuser␈αcan␈αcreate,␈αupdate,␈αmaintain,␈αsearch,␈αand␈αdisplay␈αstored␈αinformation.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αuser␈αmay␈αwork␈αwith␈αeither␈αa␈αprivate␈αdata␈αbase␈αof␈αjust␈αa␈αfew␈αrecords␈αor␈αwith␈αa␈αpublic␈αdata␈α
base
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthat␈α
includes␈α
information␈α
ranging␈α
from␈α
a␈α
restaurant␈α
guide␈α
to␈α
a␈αLibrary␈αof␈αCongress␈α"card"␈αcatalog
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfile␈α
(which␈α
contains␈α
over␈α
170,000␈α
records).
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓¬␈↓ ¬PPLAN OF ACTION
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓␈↓ α_An␈α∀experimental␈α∀electronic␈α∀newspaper␈α∀would␈α∀be␈α∀established␈α∀on␈α∪the␈α∪Stanford␈α∪University
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcampus.␈αIts␈αoperation␈αwould␈αprovide␈α
the␈α
reader␈α
with␈α
news␈α
about␈α
important␈α
national␈α
and␈α
iternational
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hevents␈αand␈αinformation␈αabout␈αdevelopments␈αin␈αthe␈αStanford␈αarea.␈αIt␈αwould␈αcontain␈αsome␈αlocal␈αnews,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hscience␈αinformation␈α(news␈αabout␈αimportant␈αnational␈αand␈αlocal␈αdevelopments␈αin␈αscience)␈αand␈αupdated
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈α
about␈α
scheduled␈α
events,␈α
movies,␈α
restaurants,␈α
concerts,␈α
etc.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈αbase␈αfor␈α
the␈α
paper␈α
would␈α
be␈α
the␈α
Associated␈α
Press␈α
and␈α
the␈α
␈↓∧New␈α
York␈α
Times␈α
␈↓␈α
News␈α
Service
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α⊃would␈α⊃be␈α⊃stored␈α⊃on␈α⊃a␈α⊂PDP-10␈α⊂computer␈α⊂at␈α⊂the␈α⊂Artificial␈α⊂Intelligence␈α⊂Laboratory.␈α⊂Efforts
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αbe␈αmade␈αto␈αexpand␈αthe␈αfile␈αby␈αadding␈αother␈αwire␈αservices.␈αSome␈αof␈αthe␈αinformation␈αincluding
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlocal␈α
news␈α
and␈α
science␈α
information,␈α
would␈αbe␈αstored␈αon␈αthe␈αIBM␈α360/67.␈αReaders␈αwould␈αbe␈αable␈αto
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcall␈α
up␈αinformation␈αstored␈αon␈αeither␈αcomputer␈αat␈αany␈αof␈αthe␈αterminals␈αlocated␈αon␈αthe␈αcampus.␈αThey
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcould␈αeither␈αrequest␈αa␈α"front␈αpage"␈αcontaining␈αa␈αsummary␈αof␈αthe␈αday's␈αmajor␈αevents␈αor␈αan␈αindex␈αin
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hheadline␈α≤form␈α≤that␈α≠summarized␈α≠important␈α≠information␈α≠not␈α≠included␈α≠on␈α≠the␈α≠front␈α≠page.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HEstablishment␈αand␈αoperation␈αof␈αthe␈αinterface␈αbetween␈α
the␈α
two␈α
computers␈α
would␈α
produce␈α
the␈α
research
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Habout␈α
machine␈α
interface␈α
that␈αmust␈αbe␈αsolved␈αif␈αpersons␈αare␈αto␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αretrieve␈αinformation␈αfrom
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdisparate␈α
systems.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α∀graduate␈α∀student␈α∀with␈α∀professional␈α∀journalism␈α∀training␈α∀would␈α∀serve␈α∪as␈α∪editor␈α∪of␈α∪the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspaper.␈αEach␈αday,␈αthe␈αeditor␈αwould␈αprepare␈αa␈αfront␈αpage␈αthat␈αincluded␈αwhat␈αhe␈αperceived␈αto␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αmajor␈αlocal,␈αnational␈αand␈αinternational␈αevents.␈αHe␈αalso␈αwould␈αwrite␈αa␈αnews␈αsummary␈αin␈αheadline
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hform␈α∂of␈α∂events␈α∂not␈α∂included␈α∂on␈α∂the␈α∂front␈α∂page.␈α∂Depending␈α∂on␈α∂the␈α∞amount␈α∞of␈α∞time␈α∞available,␈α∞the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Heditor␈α
might␈α
also␈α
prepare␈α
a␈α
sports␈α
page,␈α
a␈α
financial␈α
page,␈α
etc.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_The␈α∂editor␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂assisted␈α∞by␈α∞a␈α∞clerk␈α∞who␈α∞would␈α∞double␈α∞as␈α∞a␈α∞reporter.␈α∞The␈α∞clerk␈α∞would
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hupdate␈αinformation␈αabout␈αlocal␈αevents,␈αsuch␈αas␈αmovie␈αand␈αconcert␈αschedules,␈αand␈αwould␈αoccasionally
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwrite␈α∞stories␈α∞about␈α∞important␈α∞local␈α∞news␈α∞events.␈α
The␈α
clerk␈α
would␈α
also␈α
gather␈α
and␈α
assemble␈α
science
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈α∞of␈α∞interest␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞Stanford␈α∞community.␈α∞This␈α
would␈α
include␈α
important␈α
national␈α
science
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevelopments␈αreported␈αby␈αthe␈αwire␈αservices;␈αcampus␈αdevelopments␈αsuch␈αas␈αdetails␈αabout␈αconferences,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hgrants,␈α
important␈α
research␈α
resulls,␈α
available␈α
papers,␈α
etc.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Two␈αfull-time␈αcomputer␈α
programmers␈α
and␈α
one␈α
working␈α
part-time␈α
computer␈α
programmer␈α
would
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeal␈α⊃with␈α⊃the␈α⊃computer␈α⊃problems.␈α⊃They␈α⊃would␈α⊃develop␈α⊃data␈α⊃indexing␈α⊂and␈α⊂handling␈α⊂techniques
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnecessary␈α∞to␈α∞handle␈α∞the␈α∞voluminous␈α∞amounts␈α∞of␈α∞information␈α
that␈α
would␈α
have␈α
to␈α
be␈α
stored␈α
for␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspaper,␈α
and␈α
would␈α
continue␈αto␈αrefine␈αthese␈αtechniques␈αso␈αthat␈αoperation␈αof␈αthe␈αsystem,␈αfor␈αboth
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcommunicators␈α⊃and␈α⊃receivers,␈α⊃was␈α⊃as␈α⊃simple␈α⊂as␈α⊂possible.␈α⊂Additionally,␈α⊂they␈α⊂would␈α⊂deal␈α⊂with␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinterface␈α
between␈α
the␈α
two␈α
computers␈α
used␈α
in␈α
the␈α
project.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_A␈α⊃graduate␈α⊂student␈α⊂would␈α⊂serve␈α⊂as␈α⊂research␈α⊂assistant␈α⊂to␈α⊂help␈α⊂the␈α⊂investigators␈α⊂collect␈α⊂and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hevaluate␈α
data␈α
obtained␈α
during␈α
the␈α
project.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Graduate␈α↔and␈α↔undergraduate␈α↔students␈α↔enrolled␈α↔in␈α↔Communication␈α↔175,␈α⊗Public␈α⊗Affairs
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HReporting,␈αwhich␈α
is␈α
taught␈α
each␈α
spring␈α
quarter␈α
by␈α
Professor␈α
Dan␈α
Drew,␈α
would␈α
participate␈α
in␈α
actively
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproducing␈α∂the␈α∂electronic␈α∂newspaper.␈α∂Some␈α∂of␈α∂the␈α∂stories␈α∂they␈α∂covered␈α∂during␈α∂their␈α∞class␈α∞exercises
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α
be␈α
placed␈α
in␈α
computer␈α
storage␈α
to␈α
provide␈α
readers␈α
with␈α
news␈α
about␈α
important␈α
local␈α
events.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ α_Because␈α∩of␈α∩the␈α∩availability␈α∩of␈α∩terminals␈α∩on␈α∩the␈α⊃campus,␈α⊃the␈α⊃electronic␈α⊃newspaper␈α⊃can␈α⊃be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdeveloped␈α⊂and␈α⊂reader␈α⊂acceptance␈α⊂tested␈α⊂in␈α⊂a␈α⊂preliminary␈α∂way␈α∂without␈α∂buying␈α∂more␈α∂terminals.␈α∂A
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hlarger␈α∩scale␈α∩test␈α∩will␈α∩require␈α∩more␈α⊃terminals,␈α⊃but␈α⊃perhaps␈α⊃this␈α⊃can␈α⊃be␈α⊃done␈α⊃with␈α⊃multi-purpose
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hterminals␈α∞used␈α∞for␈α∞other␈α
computing␈α
and␈α
communication␈α
purposes.␈α
It␈α
will,␈α
however,␈α
be␈α
necessary␈α
to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpurchase␈αa␈αmultiplexer␈αin␈αorder␈αto␈αincrease␈αthe␈αcapabilities␈αof␈αthe␈αPDP-10,␈αand␈α
develop␈α
an␈α
interface
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbetween␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
and␈α
the␈α
IBM␈α
360/67.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓¬␈↓ ¬JRESEARCH AREAS
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓∧COMPUTER SCIENCE RESEARCH
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓␈↓ ↓HThis␈α
project␈α
involves␈α
research␈α
in␈α
three␈α
areas␈α
of␈α
computer␈α
science␈α
-␈α
the␈αman-machine␈αinterface,␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcreation,␈α⊃maintenance␈α⊃and␈α⊃retrieval␈α⊃of␈α⊃data␈α⊃bases,␈α⊃and␈α⊃the␈α⊃interaction␈α⊃of␈α⊂programs␈α⊂in␈α⊂different
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcomputers.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H1.␈α␈↓∧The␈αman-machine␈αinterface.␈α
␈↓The␈α
Stanford␈α
Artificial␈α
Intelligence␈α
Laboratory␈α
has␈α
accumulated␈α
much
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hexperience␈α∂in␈α∂designing␈α∞and␈α∞using␈α∞programs␈α∞that␈α∞interact␈α∞with␈α∞users␈α∞at␈α∞terminals.␈α∞Programs␈α∞from
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwhich␈α⊂we␈α⊂have␈α⊂learned␈α⊂include:␈α⊂the␈α⊂time-sharing␈α∂system␈α∂itself,␈α∂text␈α∂editors,␈α∂message␈α∂sending␈α∂and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreceiving␈α∞systems,␈α∞on-line␈α
desk␈α
calculator␈α
simulators,␈α
interpreters␈α
like␈α
LISP,␈α
several␈α
variants␈α
of␈α
our
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnews␈α
service␈α
program,␈α
spelling␈α
checkers,␈αfile␈αdirectory␈αeditors,␈αa␈αprogram␈αfor␈αcharging␈αpurchases␈αin
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hour␈α∂commissary␈α∂and␈α∂making␈α∂the␈α∂vending␈α∞machine␈α∞give␈α∞out␈α∞food,␈α∞and␈α∞many␈α∞others.␈α∞The␈α∞users␈α∞of
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthese␈α∂programs␈α∂include␈α∂experienced␈α∞programmers,␈α∞beginning␈α∞programmers,␈α∞secretaries␈α∞experienced
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hin␈α⊂operating␈α⊂our␈α⊂editors␈α⊂etc.,␈α⊂and␈α⊂temporary␈α⊂secretaries␈α⊂who␈α⊂have␈α⊂to␈α⊂operate␈α∂them␈α∂with␈α∂only␈α∂15
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hminutes␈αinstruction.␈αOne␈αmay␈αuse␈αa␈αprogram␈αconstantly␈αor␈αonly␈αa␈αfew␈αtimes␈αa␈αyear.␈αMany␈αpeople␈αdo
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hby␈α⊗hand␈α⊗jobs␈α⊗for␈α⊗which␈α⊗there␈α∃is␈α∃a␈α∃readily␈α∃available␈α∃program␈α∃simply␈α∃because␈α∃they␈α∃find␈α∃it
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinconvenient␈α
to␈α
learn␈α
or␈α
relearn␈α
how␈α
to␈α
use␈α
the␈α
relevant␈α
program␈α
(or␈α
even␈α
an␈α
unfamiliar␈α
feature␈α
of␈α
a
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprogram␈α
they␈α
use␈α
constantly).
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThese␈αproblems␈αwill␈αnever␈αgo␈αaway␈αcompletely,␈αbut␈αthe␈αproblems␈αthey␈αprovide␈αcan␈αbe␈αminimized␈αby
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Ha␈αproper␈αstyle␈αof␈αman-machine␈αinteraction.␈αWe␈αhave␈αmade␈αa␈αnumber␈αof␈αdiscoveries␈αabout␈αthis␈αsome
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hof␈αwhich␈αare␈αperhaps␈αcounter-intuitive␈αand␈αdon't␈αyet␈αget␈αwide␈αassent␈αamong␈αdesigners␈αof␈αinteractive
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprograms.␈α␈↓¬First␈↓,␈αin␈αso␈αfar␈αas␈α
possible,␈α
interaction␈α
should␈α
be␈α
on␈α
one␈α
level␈α
rather␈α
than␈α
hierarchical;␈α
i.e.,
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hin␈αa␈αprogram␈αwith␈αmodes␈αand␈αsubmodes,␈αthe␈αuser␈αoften␈αforgets␈αwhat␈αmode␈αhe␈αis␈αin,␈αwhat␈αmode␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hvarious␈αfacilities␈αrequire,␈αand␈αeven␈αwhen␈αhe␈αremembers,␈αhe␈αoften␈αfinds␈αhimself␈αin␈αthe␈αwrong␈αmode.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓¬Second␈↓,␈α⊃there␈α⊃should␈α⊂always␈α⊂be␈α⊂readily␈α⊂available␈α⊂help␈α⊂from␈α⊂the␈α⊂program␈α⊂itself␈α⊂in␈α⊂case␈α⊂the␈α⊂user
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hforgets␈αsome␈αfacet␈αof␈αits␈αuse.␈αIt␈αis␈αconvenient␈αfor␈αthe␈αuser␈αalways␈αto␈αbe␈αable␈αto␈αget␈αhelp␈αby␈αtyping␈α"?"
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinstead␈α⊂of␈α⊂whatever␈α⊂command␈α⊂the␈α⊂program␈α⊂might␈α⊂expect␈α⊂next.␈α⊂In␈α⊂general,␈α∂we␈α∂are␈α∂talking␈α∂about
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hadapting␈α
the␈α
program␈α
to␈α
ease␈α
of␈α
use␈α
for␈α
the␈α
average␈αperson,␈αnot␈αfor␈αexperienced␈αprogrammers.␈αOf
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcourse,␈α
even␈α
experienced␈α
programmers␈α
benefit␈α
from␈α
improved␈α
clarity␈α
of␈α
program␈α
use.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H2.␈α␈↓∧File␈αhandling␈αand␈αretrieval␈αtechniques.␈α␈↓In␈αthe␈αcourse␈αof␈αthe␈αlast␈αdecade␈αmany␈αcomputer-based␈αdata
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbases␈αhave␈αbeen␈αcreated␈αby␈αorganizations␈αall␈αover␈αthe␈αcountry,␈αand␈α
many␈α
more␈α
will␈α
be␈α
created␈α
in␈α
the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnext␈α
ten␈α
years.␈α
Each␈α
of␈α
them␈α
has␈α
been␈α
designed␈αby␈αitself␈αand␈αhas␈αbeen␈αdesigned␈αto␈αinteract␈αwith␈αa
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hspecific␈αkind␈αof␈αterminal␈αwith␈αa␈αspecific␈αstyle␈αof␈αdialog.␈αA␈αuser␈αof␈αinformation␈αmay␈αwant␈αto␈αrefer␈αto
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmany␈α⊂different␈α⊂data␈α⊂bases,␈α⊂and␈α⊂this␈α⊂will␈α⊂not␈α⊂be␈α⊂feasible␈α⊂if␈α⊂he␈α⊂needs␈α⊂a␈α⊂different␈α∂terminal␈α∂and␈α∂a
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdifferent␈αstyle␈α
of␈α
dialog␈α
for␈α
each␈α
one.␈α
It␈α
would␈α
be␈α
convenient␈α
for␈α
the␈α
user␈α
if␈α
a␈α
single␈α
standard␈α
style␈α
of
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinformation␈α∩storage␈α∩and␈α∩interaction␈α∩would␈α∩be␈α∩developed␈α∩and␈α⊃used␈α⊃nationally,␈α⊃but␈α⊃this␈α⊃is␈α⊃quite
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hunlikely␈αto␈αhappen␈α-␈αfor␈αbad␈αreasons␈αlike␈αunwillingness␈αto␈αlook␈αat␈αother␈αpeople's␈αwork,␈αand␈αfor␈αgood
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreasons␈αlike␈α
the␈α
availability␈α
of␈α
different␈α
hardware␈α
and␈α
software␈α
to␈α
different␈α
people␈α
at␈α
different␈α
times.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HWe␈α
wish␈α
to␈α
explore␈α
the␈α
following␈α
potential␈α
way␈α
out␈α
of␈α
the␈α
difficulty:
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HInstead␈αof␈αtrying␈α(probably␈αvainly)␈αto␈αget␈αpeople␈αto␈αstandardize␈αtheir␈αdata␈αbases,␈αwe␈αshall␈αdevelop␈αa
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hstandard␈α∃way␈α∃of␈α∃describing␈α∃data␈α∃bases␈α∃-␈α∃what␈α∃information␈α∃is␈α∃stored␈α∃therein␈α∃and␈α∀how␈α∀it␈α∀is
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrepresented.␈α
Instead␈α
of␈α
a␈α
standard␈α
interaction␈α
style,␈α
we␈α
shall␈α
develop␈α
a␈α
standard␈α
way␈α
of␈α
describing
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinteraction␈α⊃styles.␈α⊃Our␈α⊃users␈α⊃will␈α⊃make␈α⊃their␈α⊃inquiries␈α⊃in␈α⊃our␈α⊃style␈α⊃to␈α⊃which␈α⊃they␈α⊃have␈α⊃become
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Haccustomed,␈αand␈αa␈αprogram␈α
will␈α
use␈α
the␈α
data␈α
base␈α
description␈α
and␈α
interaction␈α
description␈α
to␈α
interface
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hour␈α
user␈α
and␈α
the␈α
foreign␈α
data␈α
base.␈α
A␈α
possible␈α
initial␈α
example␈αis␈αthe␈α␈↓∧New␈αYork␈αTimes␈↓␈αData␈αBank.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αwork␈αof␈αthe␈αElectronic␈αSystems␈αLab␈αat␈αMIT␈αin␈αdeveloping␈αa␈αcommon␈αinterace␈αto␈αmultiple␈αdata
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbase␈α
systems␈α
will␈α
provide␈α
one␈α
starting␈α
point␈α
for␈α
this␈α
work.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H3.␈α∪␈↓∧Inter-computer␈α∪interfaces.␈α∪␈↓It␈α∪will␈α∪become␈α∪more␈α∩and␈α∩more␈α∩common␈α∩in␈α∩the␈α∩future␈α∩to␈α∩want␈α∩to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinterconnect␈α∂computer␈α∞systems␈α∞so␈α∞that␈α∞users␈α∞of␈α∞one␈α∞system␈α∞(or␈α∞perhaps␈α∞the␈α∞system␈α∞itself)␈α∞can␈α∞have
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Haccess␈αto␈αthe␈αresources␈α(such␈αas␈αinformation,␈αservices,␈αand␈αcomputation␈αpower)␈αof␈αother␈αsystems.␈αFor
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H␈↓∧The␈αStanford␈αElectronic␈αTimes,␈↓␈αa␈αcomputer␈αlink␈αbetween␈αthe␈α360/67␈αlocated␈αon␈α
the␈α
main␈α
campus␈α
and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α⊃PDP-10␈α⊃located␈α⊃at␈α⊃the␈α⊃Artificial␈α⊂Intelligence␈α⊂Laboratory␈α⊂would␈α⊂be␈α⊂established.␈α⊂The␈α⊂PDP-10
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinterface␈α
would␈α
be␈α
developed␈α
by␈α
the␈α
AI␈α
Lab.␈α
The␈α
/67␈α
interface␈α
would␈α
be␈α
developed␈α
by␈α
SCIP.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α∃purpose␈α∃of␈α∃the␈α∃link␈α∃and␈α∃interface␈α∃is␈α∃to␈α∃permit␈α∃terminals␈α∃attached␈α∃to␈α∀one␈α∀computer␈α∀to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hcommunicate␈α∞with␈α∞the␈α∞other␈α∞computer.␈α∞For␈α∞terminals␈α∞connected␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞/67,␈α∞a␈α∞leased␈α∞line␈α∞would␈α
be
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hinstalled␈αbetween␈αthe␈α
/67's␈α
"front-end"␈α
--␈α
a␈α
PDP-9␈α
located␈α
on␈α
Campus␈α
--␈α
and␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
computer␈α
at
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈αAI␈αLab.␈αSoftware␈αsupport␈αat␈αthe␈α/67␈αend␈αwould␈αbe␈αthe␈αsame␈αas␈αthat␈α
provided␈α
for␈α
the␈α
paper␈α
tape
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreader/punch␈αunder␈αORVYL␈α(ORVYL␈αis␈αthe␈αStanford-developed␈αtime-sharing␈αsub-system)␈αexternal
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevice␈α∂support.␈α∂That␈α∂is,␈α∞ORVYL␈α∞would␈α∞"see"␈α∞its␈α∞end␈α∞of␈α∞the␈α∞link␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞PDP-10␈α∞as␈α∞a␈α∞paper␈α∞tape
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hdevice,␈αand␈αthe␈αdata␈αtransmission␈αrates␈αcould␈αbe␈αeither␈α300␈αor␈α1200␈αbaud␈αdepending␈αon␈αthe␈αkind␈αof
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hmodem␈α
used.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈αapproach␈αdescribed␈αabove␈αinvolves␈αthe␈αleast␈αamount␈αof␈αincremental␈αsoftware␈αsupport␈αby␈αSCIP
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hpersonnel;␈α
it␈αis␈αestimated␈αthat␈αapproximately␈αtwo-man␈αmonths␈αof␈αof␈αsystem␈αprogrammer␈αtime␈αwould
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hbe␈α∩required␈α⊃to␈α⊃modify␈α⊃the␈α⊃PDP-9␈α⊃software␈α⊃and␈α⊃the␈α⊃ORVYL␈α⊃external␈α⊃device␈α⊃support␈α⊃software.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HActual␈α
calendar␈α
time␈α
could␈α
be␈α
somewhat␈α
longer␈α
because␈α
of␈α
other␈α
system␈α
programming␈α
commitments.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓∧BEHAVIORAL-JOURNALISTIC RESEARCH
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓␈↓ ↓HIn␈αaddition␈αto␈αthe␈αComputer␈αScience␈αresearch␈αexplained␈αabove,␈αthis␈αproposal␈αwould␈αpermit␈αresearch
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hin␈α
the␈α
following␈α
behavioral-journalistic␈α
areas.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H4.␈α∂␈↓∧Reader␈α∂Feedback.␈α∂␈↓An␈α∂electronic␈α∂monitoring␈α∂system␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂developed␈α∂which␈α∂would␈α∂tally␈α∂and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrecord␈α⊂information␈α⊂about␈α⊂reader␈α⊂preferences.␈α⊂This␈α∂would␈α∂include␈α∂data␈α∂about␈α∂the␈α∂types␈α∂of␈α∂stories
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreaders␈αwere␈αchoosing,␈αthe␈αamount␈αof␈αtime␈α
users␈α
were␈α
spending␈α
with␈α
the␈α
system,␈α
the␈α
number␈α
of␈α
times
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthey␈α⊂bypassed␈α⊂the␈α⊂editor's␈α⊂decisions,␈α⊂and␈α⊂the␈α⊂number␈α⊂of␈α⊂persons␈α⊂using␈α⊂the␈α⊂electronic␈α∂newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HReaders␈α∂also␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂able␈α∂to␈α∂use␈α∞their␈α∞terminals␈α∞to␈α∞insert␈α∞"letters␈α∞to␈α∞the␈α∞editor"␈α∞into␈α∞the␈α∞system.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HBecause␈α
a␈α
"letter␈α
to␈α
the␈α
editor"␈α
could␈α
be␈αwritten␈αand␈αsent␈αin␈αa␈αfraction␈αof␈αthe␈αtime␈αit␈αtakes␈αto␈αwrite
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hand␈α∂mail␈α∂a␈α∂letter␈α∂to␈α∂the␈α∂editor␈α∂to␈α∞a␈α∞conventional␈α∞newspaper,␈α∞and␈α∞because␈α∞the␈α∞"publication"␈α∞of␈α∞all
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H"letters"␈α⊗is␈α⊗guaranteed,␈α⊗we␈α⊗would␈α⊗expect␈α⊗much␈α∃more␈α∃vigorous␈α∃response␈α∃than␈α∃a␈α∃conventional
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hnewspaper␈α∂gets.␈α∞These␈α∞data␈α∞and␈α∞the␈α∞letters␈α∞would␈α∞provide␈α∞valuable␈α∞descriptive␈α∞information␈α∞about
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hreader␈α
response␈α
to␈α
the␈α
electronic␈α
newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HThe␈α
data␈α
also␈α
would␈α
be␈α
given␈α
to␈αthe␈αeditor,␈αand␈αhis␈αbehavior␈αwould␈αbe␈αobserved␈αto␈αdetermine␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Heffects␈αof␈αsuch␈αfeedback␈αon␈αjournalistic␈αdecision␈αmaking.␈αInterviews␈αand␈αsemantic␈αdifferential␈αscales
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈αbe␈αused␈αto␈αmeasure␈αany␈αchanges␈αin␈αthe␈αeditor's␈αperceptions␈αof␈αhis␈αaudience,␈αas␈αa␈αresult␈αof␈αthe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hfeedback.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓H5.␈α
␈↓∧Reader␈α
Interest␈α
Profile.␈α
␈↓A␈α
selective␈αdissemination-of-information␈αsystem␈αwould␈αbe␈αdeveloped.␈αOn
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hthe␈α
basis␈α
of␈α
information␈α
the␈α
reader␈α
provided␈α
at␈α
the␈α
terminal␈α
about␈α
his␈α
or␈α
her␈αinterests,␈αthe␈αsystem
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α⊂search␈α⊂out␈α∂stories␈α∂relevant␈α∂to␈α∂these␈α∂interests.␈α∂Electronic␈α∂monitoring␈α∂would␈α∂be␈α∂developed␈α∂to
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hprovide␈αdata␈αabout␈αthe␈αextent␈αto␈αwhich␈α
such␈α
a␈α
system␈α
was␈α
used␈α
and␈α
the␈α
types␈α
of␈α
information␈α
readers
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hrequested.␈α⊂Interviews␈α⊂and␈α⊂direct␈α⊂observation␈α⊂would␈α⊂determine␈α⊂reader␈α∂response␈α∂to␈α∂the␈α∂system␈α∂and
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hwould␈α
further␈α
determine␈α
what␈α
kinds␈α
of␈α
problems,␈α
if␈α
any,␈α
were␈α
encountered␈α
by␈α
the␈α
readers.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ βJPRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS' DIVISION OF LABOR
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HProfessor␈α⊂John␈α⊂McCarthy␈α⊂will␈α⊂be␈α⊂in␈α⊂charge␈α⊂of␈α⊂the␈α⊂computer␈α⊂science␈α⊂research␈α⊂component␈α⊂of␈α⊂the
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hproject,␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
software,␈α
and␈α
the␈α
interconnection␈α
between␈α
the␈α
PDP-10␈α
and␈α
the␈α
IBM␈α
360/67.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HProfessor␈αEdwin␈αParker␈αwill␈αact␈αas␈αadministrative␈αcoordinator␈αof␈αthe␈αentire␈αproject.␈αHe␈αalso␈αwill␈αbe
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hin␈α
charge␈α
of␈α
the␈α
360/67␈α
software␈α
and␈α
will␈α
act␈α
as␈α
consultant␈α
for␈α
the␈α
behavioral␈α
research␈α
component.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓HProfessor␈αDan␈αDrew␈αwill␈αsupervise␈αthe␈αjournalism␈αcomponent␈αand␈αthe␈αbehavioral␈αresearch␈αoutlined
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ↓Hin␈α
the␈α
proposal.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬HWORK SCHEDULE
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓July - August, 1975
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Establish link between PDP-10 and 360/67.
␈↓ ↓H
* SPIRES file defined for experimental electronic newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H
* Visit East Coast newspapers to study computerized production 
␈↓ ↓H
  systems currently in use.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓September - November 1975
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Prototype Experimental newspaper begins operation with participation 
␈↓ ↓H
  of Communication 175 students.
␈↓ ↓H
* Collection of data about software problems.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓December 1975 - February 1976
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Reprogramming and reworking software on the basis of September through
␈↓ ↓H
  November experience.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓March - November 1976
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Resume operation of experimental electronic newspaper with
␈↓ ↓H
  Communication 175 students participating again during the Fall quarter.
␈↓ ↓H
* Collection of data in behavioral areas.
␈↓ ↓H
* Collection of data about software problems.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓December 1976 - February 1977
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Reprogramming and reworking software on the basis of experience with the
␈↓ ↓H
  experimental electronic newspaper.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓March - May 1977
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓* Resume electronic newspaper operation.
␈↓ ↓H
* Continue data collection.
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓May - June 1977
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
* Analysis of data in behavioral areas.
␈↓ ↓H
* Final report written.
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓α␈↓ ∧OEXPERIMENTAL ELECTRONIC NEWSPAPER
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ ¬↔Estimated Cost Breakdown
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH7/1/75 - 6/30/76␈↓ 	H 7/1/76 - 6/30/77
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
I.  Direct Salaries
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Professor J. McCarthy␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH-- no remuneration --
␈↓ ↓H
  Principal Investigator
␈↓ ↓H
  10% time (2.4 mm)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Professor E. Parker␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH     $␈↓ πH 2,830               $   3,028
␈↓ ↓H
  Principal Investigator
␈↓ ↓H
  10% time (2.4 mm)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Professor D. Drew          ␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 4,417␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         4,726
␈↓ ↓H
  Principal Investigator
␈↓ ↓H
  1/3 time (summers) (2.0 mm)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Computer Programmers
␈↓ ↓H
  2 full-time @ $13,000 per year (48.0 mm)␈↓ πH26,000␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H27,820
␈↓ ↓H
  1 part-time @ $13,000 per year (12.0 mm)␈↓ πH 6,500␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         6,955
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Secretary
␈↓ ↓H
  1 quarter-time @ $10,000 per year (6.0 mm)␈↓ πH 2,500␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         2,675
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Research Assistants
␈↓ ↓H
  2 half-time @ $325 per month x 9 (18.0 mm)␈↓ πH 5,850␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         6,260
␈↓ ↓H
  1 half-time @ $325 per month x 12 (12.0 mm)␈↓ πH 3,900␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H ␈↓ 
H 4,173
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H------
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧HTOTAL SALARIES␈↓ εH        51,997␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H55,637
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
II.  Staff Benefits
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
18% through Aug. 31, 1975 (6 mo)
␈↓ ↓H
19% through Aug. 31, 1976 (12 mo)␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 9,619␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H10,849
␈↓ ↓H
20% through Aug. 31, 1977 (6 mo)
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
III.  Expendable Material
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
(Includes Xerox, postage, telephone)
␈↓ ↓H
12 months @ $150 per month             ␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 1,800␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         1,980
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
IV.  Report Production␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH  - 0 -␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H         1,500
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH7/1/75 - 6/30/76␈↓ 	H 7/1/76 - 6/30/77
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
V.  Travel
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
3 RT East Coast @ 500 each␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 1,500␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H          - 0 -
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
VI.  Services
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH
␈↓ ↓H
Computer services
␈↓ ↓H
  12 months @ $1,000 per month␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH12,000␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H 12,000
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Newswire services
␈↓ ↓H
  12 months @ $100 per month␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 1,200␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H  1,200
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H                  ␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H ------
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αHTOTAL DIRECT COSTS (I through VI)␈↓ πH78,116␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H 83,166
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
VII.  University Overhead
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
47% of Total Direct Costs␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH36,714␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H 39,088
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
VIII.  Capital Equipment
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Terminal Multiplexer␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH20,000␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H  - 0 -
␈↓ ↓H
Computer Interconnection␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH 4,000␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H  - 0 -
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H-------
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧H␈↓ ¬H␈↓ εH␈↓ πH------␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H-------
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αH␈↓ βH␈↓ ∧HTOTAL PROJECT COST    $138,831␈↓ λH␈↓ 	H␈↓ 
H$122,254
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
Notes:
␈↓ ↓H

␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αHSalary escalation @ 7% per annum
␈↓ ↓H
␈↓ αHS & E  escalation @ 10% per annum
␈↓ ↓H